Innovation: The fourth line of defence

John Blicq and Brad Carr
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John Blicq: Managing Director, Australia
Brad Carr: Principal and Director, Australia

Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, 2025, vol. 18, issue 3, 307-316

Abstract: The financial services industry is facing unprecedented challenges from rapid technological advancements, evolving customer expectations and emerging risks such as those posed by autonomous agents, the Metaverse and quantum computing. Traditional risk management frameworks, while robust, are primarily informed by the meaningful insights and lessons of past trends, events and compliance, leaving organisations vulnerable to emerging and hard-to-decipher threats. The authors propose a paradigm shift in risk management by introducing the concept of ‘innovation as the fourth line of defence’. This approach recognises the crucial role of innovation professionals in proactively identifying, assessing and mitigating emerging strategic risks. By collaborating closely with the first, second and third lines of defence, innovation teams can bridge the gap between current practices and future needs, ensuring long-term resilience. The analysis highlights the interconnectedness of innovation and risk management, particularly in a rapidly changing world. It emphasises the need for a proactive and forward-looking approach to risk mitigation, where innovation teams act as strategic enablers. The study also identifies key areas where innovation will be crucial in addressing emerging risks, such as the rise of autonomous agents, the Metaverse economy and the advent of quantum computing. The authors argue that innovation is not just about developing new products and services but also about safeguarding the future of organisations. By embracing innovation as the fourth line of defence, financial institutions can navigate the complexities of a hyper-changing world, ensuring their long-term sustainability and success. The wider implication is a call for closer collaboration between innovators, risk managers, supervisors and regulators to create a more resilient and future-proof financial ecosystem. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.

Keywords: risk management; innovation; financial services; climate change; cybercrime; autonomous agents; resilience (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: E5 G2 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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