Investigation and Health Risk Assessments of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) In Hair-Dye Products

O.O. John-Dewole, D.S. Danjuma, B.M. Adeyemi-Ekeolu, S.M. Abati and B.A. Salami
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O.O. John-Dewole: Chemistry/Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, MOOR Plantation, Ibadan
D.S. Danjuma: Department of Chemical Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State
B.M. Adeyemi-Ekeolu: Department of Chemical Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State
S.M. Abati: Department of Chemical Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State
B.A. Salami: Department of Chemical Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State

International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 2025, vol. 10, issue 4, 117-142

Abstract: The persistent presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in pigments and other ingredients used in the cosmetic industry is becoming worrisome to the global environmental analysts. Hair dye products have recently been implicated as another human exposure route to PTEs. This study investigated the health risk of the presence and concentrations of PTEs in five different brands of hair dye products (A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The concentrations of 22 PTEs; Silver, Arsenic, Boron, Cerium, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Cesium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Palladium, Lead, Sulphur, Antimony, Selenium, Silicon and Zinc were determined. The studied PTEs concentrations were ranged; Cs > Mg > Si > Fe > Pd > Pb > Ag > Zn > Mn > Se > Ni > Ce > Sb > As > Cr > B > Cu > Mo > Co > Cd > S > Hg. The average PTEs concentration ranged as (1074.149 > 882.715 > 720.246 > 689.242 >7.845) ppm for A4 >A1 >A5 > A2 > A3 respectively. The values for Ag, Ce, Cs, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Si were all above the United State Food and Drugs Administration (USFDA) limits, while those of As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, and Zn were below the limits in all the samples except for Se in A2, and A3 with the values of 1.21 and 1.18 respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of PTEs through inhalation were in decreasing order of Cr > Co > As > Ni > Cd > Pb and were all above the limits except for Ni in A5. The values of LCR dermal analyzed for adults were found in the order of A5 > A4 > A1 > A2 > A3. In conclusion, protracted frequent use of these hair-dye products may pose cancer risks and elemental toxicity through dermal contact, ingestion and inhalation.

Date: 2025
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