Competing Policy Windows in Biotechnology: The FDA, the 21st Century Cures Act, and Laboratory†Developed Tests
Nathan Myers,
Catherine E. Steding and
Peter Mikolaj
Review of Policy Research, 2018, vol. 35, issue 1, 89-119
Abstract:
In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed taking a more active role in the regulation of laboratory†developed tests (LDTs). Meanwhile, the U.S. House of Representatives embarked upon the 21st Century Cures initiative to develop legislation to expedite the development of new biotechnology innovations. During that initiative and in the public comments responding to the draft guidance, there was significant disagreement as to whether the increased FDA regulation of LDTs was beneficial or detrimental to biotechnology. Both the FDA guidance document and the 21st Century Cures Act came about due to the opening of a window of opportunity created by the convergence of circumstances. The question is whether the windows of opportunity are competing and how to resolve this competition. This study will investigate these questions through a qualitative case study. It will also provide recommendations for resolving policy disputes involving wicked problems like biotechnology policy.ç”Ÿç‰©æŠ€æœ¯ä¸æ”¿ç–çª—å £çš„ç›¸äº’ç«žäº‰ï¼šFDA〠21世纪治愈法案和实验室自建检测方法 2014å¹´, ç¾Žå›½é£Ÿå“ è ¯å“ ç›‘ç £ç®¡ç †å±€ï¼ˆFood and Drug Administration, FDA)æ 议在实验室自建检测方法(laboratory†developed tests, LDTsï¼‰çš„ç›¸å…³æ³•è§„ä¸Šæ‰®æ¼”æ›´ç§¯æž çš„è§’è‰²ã€‚ä¸Žæ¤å Œæ—¶, ç¾Žå›½ä¼—è®®é™¢å¼€å§‹ç €æ‰‹å ¯ç”¨21世纪治愈法案(21st Century Cures initiative), åˆ¶å®šæ³•å¾‹ä»¥åŠ é€Ÿæ–°ç”Ÿç‰©æŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°è¿›ç¨‹ã€‚è¯¥æ³•æ¡ˆå’Œå…¬ä¼—å¯¹FDAæŒ‡å —è ‰æ¡ˆçš„å›žåº”, éƒ½è¡¨è¾¾äº†å „è‡ªå¯¹FDA扩大监管LDT法规一事的强烈争论, 探讨其对生物技术是有益还是有害。FDAæŒ‡å —æ–‡ä»¶å’Œ21ä¸–çºªæ²»æ„ˆæ³•æ¡ˆäº§ç”Ÿçš„åŽŸå› éƒ½åœ¨äºŽæ‰“å¼€äº†æ”¿ç–之窗, å Žè€…åˆ™ç”±ä¸ å Œæƒ…å†µè¶‹äºŽä¸€è‡´è€Œäº§ç”Ÿã€‚é—®é¢˜åœ¨äºŽ, æœºä¼šä¹‹çª—æ˜¯å ¦æ£å˜åœ¨ç›¸äº’竞争的情况, ä»¥å Šå¦‚ä½•è§£å†³è¿™ç§ ç«žäº‰ã€‚æœ¬æ–‡å°†é€šè¿‡å®šæ€§æ¡ˆä¾‹ç ”ç©¶å¯¹è¿™äº›é—®é¢˜è¿›è¡Œè°ƒæŸ¥ã€‚æœ¬æ–‡å Œæ—¶ä¹Ÿä¼šæ 供解决政ç–çº çº·çš„æŽ¨è æ–¹æ³•, 政ç–çº çº·æ¶‰å Šä¾‹å¦‚ç”Ÿç‰©æŠ€æœ¯æ”¿ç–ç‰æ£˜æ‰‹é—®é¢˜ã€‚Ventanas de oportunidad polÃtica rivales en la biotecnologÃa: la FDA, el 21st Century Cures Act y las pruebas desarrolladas en laboratorio En 2014, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los EE. UU. o FDA propuso tomar un rol más activo en la regulación de pruebas desarrolladas en laboratorio (LDTs). Mientras tanto, la Cámara de Representantes de EE. UU. emprendió la iniciativa 21st Century Cures para desarrollar legislación para agilizar el desarrollo de nuevas innovaciones de biotecnologÃa. Durante esa iniciativa y en los comentarios públicos que responden al proyecto de orientaciones, hubo desacuerdos significativos para responder la siguiente interrogativa: ¿Fue la regulación incrementada de la FDA para las LDTs beneficiosa o dañina para la biotecnologÃa? Tanto el documento de orientación de la FDA como el 21st Century Cures Act apareció por la apertura de una ventana de oportunidad creada por la convergencia de circunstancias. La pregunta es si las ventanas de oportunidad están compitiendo y cómo resolver esta competencia. Este estudio investigará estas preguntas a través de un estudio de caso cualitativo. También proporcionará recomendaciones para resolver disputas polÃticas acerca de problemas extremos como la polÃtica biotecnológica.
Date: 2018
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