Breadwinners and caregivers: Examining the global relationship between gender norms and economic behavior

Markus Goldstein, Paula Gonzalez, Talip Kilic, Sreelakshmi Papineni and Philip Wollburg

Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 2025, vol. 72, issue 2

Abstract: Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. We examine global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver, and broad support for gender equality in opportunities, and study their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intra‐household decision‐making power within a country. We provide descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter‐stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision‐making among married couples. Our findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms.

Date: 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12406

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