Creating High-Opportunity Neighborhoods: Evidence from the HOPE VI Program

Raj Chetty, Rebecca Diamond, Thomas B. Foster, Lawrence Katz, Sonya R. Porter, Matthew Staiger and Laura Tach

Working Papers from U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies

Abstract: We study whether low-economic-mobility neighborhoods can be transformed into high-mobility areas by analyzing the HOPE VI program, which invested $17 billion to revitalize 262 distressed public housing developments. We estimate the program’s impacts using a matched difference-in-differences design, comparing outcomes in revitalized developments to observably similar control developments using anonymized tax records. HOPE VI reduced neighborhood poverty rates by attracting higher-income families to revitalized neighborhoods, but had no causal impact on the earnings of adults living in public housing units. Children raised in revitalized public housing units earn more, are more likely to attend college, and are less likely to be incarcerated. Using a movers exposure design and sibling comparisons, we show that these improvements were driven by changes in neighborhoods’ causal effects on children’s outcomes. The improvements in neighborhood causal effects were driven in large part by changes in social interaction: HOPE VI increased interaction between public housing residents and peers in surrounding neighborhoods and increased earnings more for subgroups with higher-income peers. Many low-income families in the U.S. currently live in neighborhoods that are as socially isolated as the HOPE VI developments were prior to revitalization. We conclude that it is feasible to create high-opportunity neighborhoods and that connecting socially isolated areas to surrounding communities is a cost-effective approach to doing so.

JEL-codes: I38 J62 R38 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-01
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-hre and nep-uep
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https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2026/adrm/ces/CES-WP-26-02.pdf First version, 2026 (application/pdf)

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Working Paper: Creating High-Opportunity Neighborhoods: Evidence from the HOPE VI Program (2026)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:26-02

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