How Do Neighborhoods and Firms Affect Intergenerational Mobility?

David Card, Jesse Rothstein and Moises Yi

Working Papers from U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies

Abstract: We use data from the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics linked to the 2000 Census to study intergenerational earnings mobility in the United States. We augment the standard intergenerational transmission model relating children’s log earnings to those of their parent with an additional term representing mean log parent earnings in the childhood neighborhood. The between-neighborhood intergenerational relationship is twice as strong as the within-neighborhood relationship, even after adjusting for measurement error in parents’ earnings. Moreover, mean earnings of the parents in a neighborhood capture over 80% of the variation in unrestricted neighborhood effects that reflect differences in “absolute mobility”. Next, we use an AKM framework to decompose parents’, children’s, and neighboring parents’ earnings into person effects and establishment premiums. Children’s person effects are mainly influenced by parents’ and neighbors’ person effects, whereas children’s establishment premiums are mainly influenced by parents’ and neighbors’ establishment premiums. These patterns point to separate channels for human capital and access to jobs in the intergenerational transmission process. Finally, we explore the implications for the Black-white earnings gap. Neighborhoods explain 30% of the Black-white gap in children’s earnings conditional on parents’ earnings, operating largely through gaps in average person effects. Conditional on neighborhood average earnings, children from neighborhoods with higher Black shares achieve higher adult earnings.

Date: 2026-03
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https://www2.census.gov/library/working-papers/2026/adrm/ces/CES-WP-26-18.pdf First version, 2026 (application/pdf)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:26-18

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