A review of thermal management of batteries with a focus on immersion cooling

Zhicheng Xin, Weiyu Tang, Wen Yao and Zan Wu

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, vol. 217, issue C

Abstract: The performance, cycle life and safety of batteries are strongly influenced by temperature. However, fast charging and discharging can significantly increase heat generation, causing the battery temperature to rise rapidly. Therefore, it is essential to employ suitable battery thermal management systems to maintain the battery temperature within an ideal range. Temperature uniformity plays a critical role in determining battery cycle life and operational performance. To evaluate the limitations of temperature uniformity across different battery thermal management systems, this review provides a comprehensive comparison of various cooling techniques. Among these, immersion cooling demonstrates the best temperature uniformity due to its high thermal efficiency and low thermal resistance. The two-phase immersion cooling system could maintain temperature and its uniformity within an ideal range even during ultra-high charging and discharging rates of up to 20C. Additionally, this review compares and evaluates different dielectric fluids used in immersion cooling to discuss the most adaptable coolants for battery systems and summarizes the latest developments in immersion cooling. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of immersion cooling are summarized for battery thermal management regarding temperature fluctuation, temperature maldistribution under extreme conditions, and thermal runaway. Furthermore, the economic and environmental benefits of various battery thermal management systems are thoroughly analyzed. Immersion cooling demonstrates the lowest carbon footprint and superior environmental performance. Finally, the review highlights the critical challenges and future directions for immersion cooling, including advancements in dielectric fluids, system stability and integration, and battery safety. This study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of battery immersion cooling, offering valuable insights to advance battery thermal management systems and support the transition toward a sustainable economy and zero emissions.

Keywords: Battery thermal management; Immersion cooling; Temperature uniformity; Fast charging/discharging; Electric vehicles; Battery energy storage; Battery sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115751

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