“Critical minerals” and resource nationalism 2.0: why the policy is more critical than the mineral

Amir Lebdioui and Thea Riofrancos

Chapter 27 in Handbook of Resource Nationalism, 2026, pp 425-447 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: “Critical minerals” (CRMs) are driving a new wave of resource nationalism. But to what extent is the current approach to CRMs aligned with achieving long-term developmental goals? How novel are current policies and do they replicate previous extractivist patterns, including environmental devastation? For whom are these minerals critical, and for how long? This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the role of CRMs in resource nationalism, drawing lessons from different cases to highlight the opportunities and challenges facing resource-based development in the twenty-first century. It highlights common policy tools, risks, common misconceptions, and success factors. It argues that, although nations should seek greater sovereign control over natural resources, considerable risks exist in attempts to leverage mineral abundance for socio-economic development. Strong technological foresight capabilities, inclusive social governance, robust environmental regulations, and careful coordination of CRMs strategy within a broad, sustainable, and equitable industrial policy are critical for long-term success.

Keywords: Critical Minerals; Resource Nationalism; Local Content; Holistic Industrial Policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781035333431
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