The Evolution of Labor Supply in Jordan Through 2025

Caroline Krafft (), Ragui Assaad () and Nouf Abushehab
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Caroline Krafft: University of Minnesota
Ragui Assaad: University of Minnesota
Nouf Abushehab: Trinity College Dublin

No 1823, Working Papers from Economic Research Forum

Abstract: This paper investigates the evolution of labor supply in Jordan over the period 2010 to 2025. Analyses explore demographic drivers of labor supply, including age structure, population growth and its drivers of marriage and fertility, as well as immigration and refugees. Population growth has slowed in Jordan, in part due to lower fertility. Jordan’s population has become increasingly educated, with women’s average years of schooling having exceeded men’s for some time. Labor force participation is explored overall and in terms of its key components of employment-to-population ratios and unemployment rates. Patterns of labor supply are disaggregated by age, education, nationality, and sex, with a particular focus on how marriage and household composition shape women’s participation. Overall, employment and labor force participation rates have declined to very low levels, while unemployment has risen. Labor market outcomes have improved slightly for Syrian refugees in 2025 compared to 2016. Women’s employment rates and participation are very low, with single women more likely to be employed than married ones. Youth unemployment rates are particularly high and have increased over time. Overall, Jordan’s labor supply is being increasingly underutilized.

Pages: 36
Date: 2026-03-17, Revised 2026-03-17
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