A Review of Supercapacitors: Materials Design, Modification, and Applications

Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Arif Khan Khattak, Muhammad Humayun, Muhammad Usman, Syed Shaheen Shah, Shaista Bibi, Bakhtiar Syed Ul Hasnain, Shah Masood Ahmad, Abbas Khan, Nasrullah Shah, Asif Ali Tahir and Habib Ullah
Additional contact information
Muhammad Yaseen: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Muhammad Arif Khan Khattak: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Muhammad Humayun: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, School of Optical & Electronics Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Muhammad Usman: Inter Disciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Syed Shaheen Shah: Inter Disciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Shaista Bibi: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Bakhtiar Syed Ul Hasnain: School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Shah Masood Ahmad: Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
Abbas Khan: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Nasrullah Shah: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
Asif Ali Tahir: Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
Habib Ullah: Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 22, 1-40

Abstract: Supercapacitors (SCs) have received much interest due to their enhanced electrochemical performance, superior cycling life, excellent specific power, and fast charging–discharging rate. The energy density of SCs is comparable to batteries; however, their power density and cyclability are higher by several orders of magnitude relative to batteries, making them a flexible and compromising energy storage alternative, provided a proper design and efficient materials are used. This review emphasizes various types of SCs, such as electrochemical double-layer capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors, and pseudo-supercapacitors. Furthermore, various synthesis strategies, including sol-gel, electro-polymerization, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, chemical vapor deposition, direct coating, vacuum filtration, de-alloying, microwave auxiliary, in situ polymerization, electro-spinning, silar, carbonization, dipping, and drying methods, are discussed. Furthermore, various functionalizations of SC electrode materials are summarized. In addition to their potential applications, brief insights into the recent advances and associated problems are provided, along with conclusions. This review is a noteworthy addition because of its simplicity and conciseness with regard to SCs, which can be helpful for researchers who are not directly involved in electrochemical energy storage.

Keywords: supercapacitor; synthesis; functionalization; applications (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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