Advances in HVDC Systems: Aspects, Principles, and a Comprehensive Review of Signal Processing Techniques for Fault Detection

Leyla Zafari, Yuan Liu, Abhisek Ukil and Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair ()
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Leyla Zafari: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Yuan Liu: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Abhisek Ukil: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair: Department of Electrical, Computer, and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 12, 1-37

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) systems, focusing on their technological evolution, fault characteristics, and advanced signal processing techniques for fault detection. The paper traces the development of HVDC links globally, highlighting the transition from mercury-arc valves to Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)-based converters and showcasing operational projects in technologically advanced countries. A detailed comparison of converter technologies including line-commutated converters (LCCs), Voltage-Source Converters (VSCs), and Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) and pole configurations (monopolar, bipolar, homopolar, and MMC) is provided. The paper categorizes HVDC faults into AC, converter, and DC types, focusing on their primary locations and fault characteristics. Signal processing methods, including time-domain, frequency-domain, and time–frequency-domain approaches, are systematically compared, supported by relevant case studies. The review identifies critical research gaps in enhancing the reliability of fault detection, classification, and protection under diverse fault conditions, offering insights into future advancements in HVDC system resilience.

Keywords: HVDC systems; fault detection; signal processing; converter technologies; detection schemes; future trends (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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