Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications

Luca Pugi (), Aljon Kociu, Antonio Scardina, Lorenzo Berzi, Nico Tiezzi and Massimo Delogu
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Luca Pugi: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Aljon Kociu: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Antonio Scardina: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Lorenzo Berzi: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Nico Tiezzi: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Massimo Delogu: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-16

Abstract: Batteries are a key element in the development of both battery-operated and hybrid trains. For this type of system, the most common anode choice is LTO (lithium titanate), as the adoption of lithium titanate instead of graphite for anodes ensures an unrivaled level of reliability, especially against calendar aging. LTO also ensures prolonged load-cycle lifespans. However, LTO’s known drawbacks involve its high production cost and mediocre energy density, which is mainly due to its high anodic potential compared to graphite. In this study, we perform a rapid identification of an LiNMC (lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt) cell and propose some preliminary scaled HIL (hardware in the loop) and SIL (software in the loop) testing, aiming to verify the possible usage of LiNMC cells for railway applications.

Keywords: battery-operated trains; identification of lithium cells; hardware-in-the-loop testing; software-in-the-loop testing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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