Influence of Overcharge Abuse on the Thermal-Electrochemical Performance of Sodium Ion Cells

Jiangyun Zhang (), Ruli Zhang, Fei Duan (), Mingli Niu, Guoqing Zhang, Ting Huang, Xiaoyong Wang, Yuliang Wen, Ning Xu and Xin Liu
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Jiangyun Zhang: School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Ruli Zhang: School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Fei Duan: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639789, Singapore
Mingli Niu: Department of Electric Power Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Guangzhou 510925, China
Guoqing Zhang: School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Ting Huang: International Copper Association, Room 2582, 25F, 381 Huaihai Zhong Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200020, China
Xiaoyong Wang: Dongguan Guixiang Insulation Material Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523861, China
Yuliang Wen: Dongguan Guixiang Insulation Material Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523861, China
Ning Xu: Guangdong Greenway Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, China
Xin Liu: Guangdong Greenway Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-27

Abstract: Thermal safety issues of sodium-ion batteries have become a major challenge, particularly under abusive conditions where the risk of thermal runaway is heightened. This study investigates the effects of overcharging on the thermal safety of sodium-ion batteries. Discharge capacity and time, internal resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ( EIS ) at different states of charge ( SOCs ) are analyzed. Additionally, heat generation behaviors are evaluated at both normal/elevated temperatures. It is found that the overcharged batteries ( OBs ) demonstrate a significant increase in internal resistance from 46.72 Ω to 65.99 Ω. The discharge time of OBs at 1 C current (the ratio of the rate at which a battery discharges per unit time to its rated capacity) is reduced by 4.26% compared to normal batteries ( NBs ). The peak temperature and temperature difference increase by 5.6% and 36.1%, respectively. When discharged at 1 C at 40 °C, OBs have a 5.47% reduction in discharge time compared to NBs . Furthermore, the OBs exhibit an increase in the peak discharge temperature and temperature difference of 0.99 °C and 0.4 °C, respectively. Microscopic analysis of the electrode materials makes clear the irreversible damage to the internal structures of the sodium-ion battery caused by overcharging. This study potentially provides fundamental data support and theoretical insights for sodium-ion battery module thermal safety.

Keywords: overcharging; abuse; thermal-electrical characteristics; sodium-ion batteries; thermal safety (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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