Energy Efficiency Measurement Method and Thermal Environment in Data Centers—A Literature Review

Zaki Ghifari Muhamad Setyo, Hom Bahadur Rijal (), Naja Aqilah and Norhayati Abdullah
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Zaki Ghifari Muhamad Setyo: Graduate School of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
Hom Bahadur Rijal: Graduate School of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
Naja Aqilah: Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
Norhayati Abdullah: Graduate School of Environmental and Information Studies, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-nishi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-17

Abstract: The increase in data center facilities has led to higher energy consumption and a larger carbon footprint, prompting improvements in thermal environments for energy efficiency and server lifespan. Existing literature studies often overlook categorizing equipment for power usage effectiveness (PUE), addressing power efficiency measurement limitations and employee thermal comfort. These issues are addressed through an investigation of the PUE metric, a comparative analysis of various data center types and their respective cooling conditions, an evaluation of PUE in relation to established thermal standards and an assessment of employee thermal comfort based on defined criteria. Thirty-nine papers and ten websites were reviewed. The results indicated an average information technology (IT) power usage of 44.8% and a PUE of 2.23, which reflects average efficiency, while passive cooling was found to be more applicable to larger-scale data centers, such as Hyperscale or Colocation facilities. Additionally, indoor air temperatures averaged 16.5 °C with 19% relative humidity, remaining within the allowable range defined by ASHRAE standards, although employee thermal comfort remains an underexplored area in existing data center research. These findings highlight the necessity for clearer standards on power metrics, comprehensive thermal guidelines and the exploration of alternative methods for power metrics and cooling solutions.

Keywords: data center; power measurement metric; energy efficiency; thermal environment; thermal comfort (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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