Tapio-Z Decoupling of the Valuation of Energy Sources, CO 2 Emissions, and GDP Growth in the United States and China Using a Fuzzy Logic Model

Rabnawaz Khan () and Weiqing Zhuang
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Rabnawaz Khan: Financial Management and International Business, Internet Business School, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China
Weiqing Zhuang: Financial Management and International Business, Internet Business School, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 15, 1-27

Abstract: Our contemporary society is powered by fossil fuels, which results in environmental catastrophes. The combustion of these materials results in the release of CO 2 , which accelerates the progression of climate change and its catastrophic consequences. The environmental repercussions of fossil fuel extraction have been highlighted through research into alternative energy sources. This inquiry uses the Tapio-Z decoupling approach to assess energy inputs and emissions. Furthermore, the fuzzy logic model is used to inspect the economic growth of the USA and China, as well as the impact of environmental factors, energy sources, and utilization, through decoupling effects from 1994 to 2023. The findings are substantiated by the individual perspectives of the environmental factors regarding decoupling, which ultimately lead to the acquisition of valuable results. We anticipate a substantial reduction in the total volume of CO 2 emissions in both the USA and China. Compared to China, the USA shows a significant increase in CO 2 emissions due to its reliance on fossil fuels. It is evident that a comprehensive transition to renewable resources and a broad range of technology is required to mitigate CO 2 emissions in high-energy zones. In their pursuit of sustainability, these two nations are making remarkable strides. The percentage change in CO 2 emissions indicates that effective changes in economic growth, energy input, and energy utilization, particularly sustainable energy, transmute energy output, as does the sustained implementation of robust environmental protection policies. The percentage change in CO 2 emissions indicates a remarkable transformation in energy input, energy consumption, and economic growth. This transition has been most visible in the areas of energy transformation, sustainability, and the maintenance of strong environmental protection measures.

Keywords: CO 2 emissions; Tapio-Z decoupling; fuzzy logic models; energy sources; environment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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