Impedance-Based Criterion Design for Grid-Following/Grid-Forming Switching Control of Wind Generation System

Sijia Huang, Zhenbin Zhang (), Zhihao Chen, Huimin Huang and Zhen Li
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Sijia Huang: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Zhenbin Zhang: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Zhihao Chen: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Huimin Huang: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Zhen Li: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 18, 1-17

Abstract: As wind farms connect with power grids via long-distance transmission lines and multiple transformers, the resulting networks exhibit inherently weak and fluctuating grid strength—subject to dynamic variations from external disturbances like generation tripping; thus, ensuring stable operation presents a critical challenge. To address this issue, grid-following/grid-forming mode switching has emerged as a strategic approach, where wind turbine generators strategically switch between grid-following control in strong grids and grid-forming control in weak grids. This paper proposes an impedance-based switching criteria design methodology, ensuring system stability under dynamic grid strength variations. Leveraging sequence impedance analysis in frequency domain, we establish a stability boundary for mode transitions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed criteria maintain stable operation, enhancing robustness against grid strength fluctuations.

Keywords: mode switching; grid-following; grid-forming; sequence impedance modeling; small-signal stability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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