Comparative Analysis of Energy and Emission Properties of Hazelnut Shell Biomass from Temperate and Subtropical Climates

Grzegorz Maj, Anna Borkowska, Kamila E. Klimek (), Saban Kordali and Ferah Yilmaz
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Grzegorz Maj: Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
Anna Borkowska: Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
Kamila E. Klimek: Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
Saban Kordali: Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48300 Muğla, Turkey
Ferah Yilmaz: Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48300 Muğla, Turkey

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-12

Abstract: The aim of this research was to compare the estimation of waste biomass in the form of hazelnut husk ( Corylus avellana L.) originating from two different climate zones—temperate (Poland) and subtropical (Turkey)—in terms of their energy and emission properties. This study included proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon), ultimate analysis (C, H, N, S, O), determination of the (LHV) lower heating value and (HHV) higher heating value. Pollutant emission factors (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , dust) were assessed, and stoichiometric calculations of the composition of exhaust gases were performed. The results showed statistically significant differences between samples from both climate zones. Husk from Turkey was characterised by calorific values (LHV—17.46 MJ·kg− 1 , HHV—18.76 MJ·kg −1 ) and higher carbon (43.68%) and hydrogen (7.27%) content compared to Polish husk (HHV-17.29 MJ·kg −1 , LHV-16.13 MJ·kg −1 , C-46.49%, H-7.05%). At the same time, higher CO 2 and SO 2 emission rates were observed in Turkish samples, while biomass from Poland was characterised by lower ash content and lower dust emissions. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the significant influence of climate on the energy and environmental parameters of the husk. The obtained results can be the basis for optimizing the use of waste biomass in the management of waste from horticultural or agricultural production and for sustainable development in various climatic conditions.

Keywords: Corylus avellana L.; bioenergy potential; emission factors; post-production waste management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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