Impact of Detergent Type, Detergent Concentration, and Friction Modifiers on PM-PN Emissions in an SI Engine Using EEPS

Siddharth Gopujkar (), Nicolas Tuma, Rick Davis, Jeffrey Naber, Elana Chapman, Veronica Reilly, Joseph Ciaravino and Philipp Seyfried
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Siddharth Gopujkar: Advanced Power Systems Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Nicolas Tuma: Advanced Power Systems Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Rick Davis: Advanced Power Systems Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Jeffrey Naber: Advanced Power Systems Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Elana Chapman: General Motors, Detroit, MI 48243, USA
Veronica Reilly: General Motors, Detroit, MI 48243, USA
Joseph Ciaravino: General Motors, Detroit, MI 48243, USA
Philipp Seyfried: General Motors, Detroit, MI 48243, USA

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-23

Abstract: Three TOP TIER TM gasoline deposit control additives (DCAs) of differing chemistries were tested for their impact on particulate matter emissions in terms of particulate mass (PM) and particle number (PN) at operating conditions representative of road load, cold start, and high load on a 2.0 L, 4-cylinder, gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition (SI) engine. The PM-PN emissions were measured using an Exhaust Emissions Particle Sizer (EEPS). Deposit control additives or detergents are gasoline additives used to prevent and clean combustion chamber and injector deposits in gasoline spark ignition (SI) engines. All three gasoline additives were tested at each operating condition at three different treatment rates. In addition, one of the additives was tested with a fuel-based friction modifier (FM). The results showed that of the treatment rates tested, the lowest allowable concentration (LAC) for all additives requires the least time for the emissions to settle. However, the impact of the gasoline additives on PM-PN emissions is not linear and changes with additive concentration depending on the additive chemistry and operating conditions. The additive with the friction modifier resulted in an increase of over 19% particle number and over 30% particulate mass at the road load operating condition, while the increase at high load was over 27% for particle number and 11% for particle mass.

Keywords: particulate matter; particle number; deposit control additives; gasoline direct injection (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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