Design and Experimental Validation of a Cluster-Based Virtual Power Plant with Centralized Management System in Compliance with IEC Standard

Putu Agus Aditya Pramana, Akhbar Candra Mulyana, Khotimatul Fauziah (), Hafsah Halidah, Sriyono Sriyono, Buyung Sofiarto Munir, Yusuf Margowadi, Dionysius Aldion Renata, Adinda Prawitasari, Annisaa Taradini, Arief Kurniawan and Kholid Akhmad
Additional contact information
Putu Agus Aditya Pramana: Transmission and Distribution Department, PLN Research Institute, PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Akhbar Candra Mulyana: Transmission and Distribution Department, PLN Research Institute, PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Khotimatul Fauziah: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Hafsah Halidah: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Sriyono Sriyono: Transmission and Distribution Department, PLN Research Institute, PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Buyung Sofiarto Munir: Transmission and Distribution Department, PLN Research Institute, PT PLN (Persero), Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Yusuf Margowadi: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Dionysius Aldion Renata: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Adinda Prawitasari: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Annisaa Taradini: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Arief Kurniawan: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia
Kholid Akhmad: Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, Banten 15314, Indonesia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-22

Abstract: As power systems decentralize, Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) offer a promising approach to coordinate distributed energy resources (DERs) and enhance grid flexibility. However, real-world validation of VPP performance in Indonesia remains limited, especially regarding internationally aligned test standards. This study presents the design and experimental validation of a cluster-based VPP framework integrated with a centralized VPP Management System (VMS). Each cluster integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) system, battery energy storage system (BESS), and controllable load. A Local Control Unit (LCU) manages cluster operations, while the VMS coordinates power export–import dispatch, cluster-level aggregation, and grid compliance. The framework proposes a scalable VPP architecture and presents the first comprehensive experimental verification of key VPP performance indicators, including response time, adjustment rate, and accuracy, in the Indonesian context. Testing was conducted in alignment with the IEC TS 63189-1:2023 international standard. Results suggest real time responsiveness and indicate that, even at smaller scales, VPPs may contribute effectively to voltage control while exhibiting minimal influence on system frequency in interconnected grids. These findings confirm the capability of the proposed VPP framework to provide reliable real time control, ancillary services, and aggregated energy management. Its cluster-based architecture supports scalability for broader deployment in complex grid environments.

Keywords: virtual power plant; distributed energy resources; cluster-based; local control unit; VMS; power export-import (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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