Optimization of Green Hydrogen Production via Direct Seawater Electrolysis Powered by Hybrid PV-Wind Energy: Response Surface Methodology

Sandile Mtolo, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh (), Nomcebo Happiness Mthombeni, Katleho Moloi and Sudesh Rathilal
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Sandile Mtolo: Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 L1, Durban 4001, South Africa
Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh: Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 L1, Durban 4001, South Africa
Nomcebo Happiness Mthombeni: Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 L1, Durban 4001, South Africa
Katleho Moloi: Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal: Green Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, S4 L1, Durban 4001, South Africa

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 19, 1-44

Abstract: This study explored the optimization of green hydrogen production via seawater electrolysis powered by a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-wind system in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A Box–Behnken Design (BBD), adapted from Response Surface Methodology (RSM), was utilized to address the synergistic effect of key operational factors on the integration of renewable energy for green hydrogen production and its economic viability. Addressing critical gaps in renewable energy integration, the research evaluated the feasibility of direct seawater electrolysis and hybrid renewable systems, alongside their techno-economic viability, to support South Africa’s transition from a coal-dependent energy system. Key variables, including electrolyzer efficiency, wind and PV capacity, and financial parameters, were analyzed to optimize performance metrics such as the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), Net Present Cost (NPC), and annual hydrogen production. At 95% confidence level with regression coefficient (R 2 > 0.99) and statistical significance ( p < 0.05), optimal conditions of electricity efficiency of 95%, a wind-turbine capacity of 4960 kW, a capital investment of $40,001, operational costs of $40,000 per year, a project lifetime of 29 years, a nominal discount rate of 8.9%, and a generic PV capacity of 29 kW resulted in a predictive LCOH of 0.124$/kg H 2 with a yearly production of 355,071 kg. Within the scope of this study, with the goal of minimizing the cost of production, the lowest LCOH observed can be attributed to the architecture of the power ratios (Wind/PV cells) at high energy efficiency (95%) without the cost of desalination of the seawater, energy storage and transportation. Electrolyzer efficiency emerged as the most influential factor, while financial parameters significantly affected the cost-related responses. The findings underscore the technical and economic viability of hybrid renewable-powered seawater electrolysis as a sustainable pathway for South Africa’s transition away from coal-based energy systems.

Keywords: green hydrogen; seawater electrolysis; hybrid renewable energy; response surface methodology; techno-economic optimization; South Africa (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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