Response Surface Analysis of the Energy Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Using Biodiesel and Hydrogen-Enriched Biogas

Danilo Simon (), Samuel N. M. de Souza, Doglas Bassegio, Willian C. Nadaleti, Juliano de Souza, Reinaldo A. Bariccatti, Reginaldo F. Santos, Carlos E. C. Nogueira, Waldir M. Machado Junior and Jair A. C. Siqueira
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Danilo Simon: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Samuel N. M. de Souza: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Doglas Bassegio: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Willian C. Nadaleti: Federal University of Pelotas, Ufpel, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil
Juliano de Souza: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Reinaldo A. Bariccatti: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Reginaldo F. Santos: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Carlos E. C. Nogueira: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Waldir M. Machado Junior: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil
Jair A. C. Siqueira: State University of Western Paraná, Unioeste, Cascavel 85819-110, PR, Brazil

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 20, 1-26

Abstract: In this study, we investigate the dual-fuel operation of compression ignition engines using biodiesel at varying concentrations in combination with biogas, with and without hydrogen enrichment. A response surface methodology, based on a central composite experimental design was employed to optimize energy efficiency and minimize pollutant emissions. The partial substitution of diesel with gaseous fuel substantially reduces the specific fuel consumption, achieving a maximum decrease of 21% compared with conventional diesel operation. Enriching biogas with hydrogen, accounting for 13.3% of the total flow rate, increases the thermal efficiency by 0.8%, compensating for the low calorific value and reduced volumetric efficiency of biogas. Variations in biodiesel concentration exhibits a nonlinear effect, yielding an additional average efficiency gain of 0.4%. Regarding emissions, the addition of hydrogen to biogas contributes to an average reduction of 5% in carbon monoxide emissions compared to the standard dual-fuel operation. However, dual-fuel operation leads to higher unburned hydrocarbon emissions relative to neat diesel; hydrogen enrichment mitigates this drawback by reducing hydrocarbon emissions by 4.1%. Although NO x emissions increase by an average of 26.6% with hydrogen addition, dual-fuel strategies achieve NO x reductions of 11.5% (hydrogen-enriched mode) and 33.3% (pure biogas mode) relative to diesel-only operation. Furthermore, the application of response surface methodology is robust and reliable, with experimental validation showing errors of 0.55–8.66% and an overall uncertainty of 4.84%.

Keywords: biogas; hydrogen; biodiesel; dual-fuel combustion; response surface methodology; engine; greenhouse gas emissions; alternative fuels; dual-fuel generator (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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