Ammonia—A Fuel of the Future? Economies of Production and Control of NO x Emissions via Oscillating NH 3 Combustion for Process Heat Generation

Krasimir Aleksandrov (), Hans-Joachim Gehrmann (), Janine Wiebe and Dieter Stapf
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Krasimir Aleksandrov: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
Hans-Joachim Gehrmann: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
Janine Wiebe: REMONDIS Industrie Service GmbH & Co. KG, Salmengrundstr. 4, 77866 Rheinau, Germany
Dieter Stapf: Institute for Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-29

Abstract: This study investigates the viability of using Ammonia as a carbon-free fuel for heat generation in terms of both reactive Nitrogen and Carbon emissions and production cost. As a carbon-free, environmentally friendly energy carrier, Ammonia has the potential to play a significant role in the sustainable, clean energy supply of the future. However, a major drawback of the steady combustion of ammonia for process heat generation is the extremely high levels of NO x emissions it produces. In this pilot-scale study, the experimental results show that, through the oscillating combustion of NH 3 , NO x emissions can be reduced by as much as 80%. Production costs were compared to evaluate the economic feasibility of Ammonia-based heat; the results reveal the economic challenges associated with using Ammonia compared to natural gas, even when accounting for the development of CO 2 pricing. Only in terms of Carbon Capture and Storage requirements is Ammonia-based heat economically advantageous. This study also scrutinizes the economies of the production of gray and green Ammonia. Considering CO 2 certificate costs, the cost of green ammonia would be competitive in the near future.

Keywords: ammonia; oscillating combustion; NO x emissions; process heat; production cost (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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