Influence of Photovoltaic Panel Parameters on the Primary Energy Consumption of a Low-Energy Building with an Air-Source Heat Pump—TRNSYS Simulations

Agata Ołtarzewska (), Antonio Rodero Serrano and Dorota Anna Krawczyk
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Agata Ołtarzewska: Doctoral School of Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Antonio Rodero Serrano: Department of Physics, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
Dorota Anna Krawczyk: Department of Sustainable Construction and Building Systems, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 22, 1-22

Abstract: The integration of photovoltaic systems with heat pumps can significantly influence primary energy consumption indicators and therefore plays a particularly important role in the low-energy construction sector. This study provides a simulation-based assessment of the impact of selected photovoltaic panel parameters on the primary energy (PE) index in a low-energy building equipped with an air-source heat pump. The building, located in the relatively cold climate of north-eastern Poland, was analyzed in two insulation variants of the building envelope. In each variant and system configuration, the total amount of energy produced by the panels (E PV ) and used by the system (E used ), as well as the degree to which the system’s electricity demand was covered by the photovoltaic panels (η cov ) and their self-consumption degree (η self ), were assessed. The results showed that, in the baseline scenarios, photovoltaic panels were able to generate 5586 kWh of electricity, covering an average of 60–63% of the system’s demand and achieving a self-consumption of approximately 59%. The E PV , E used , and η cov are inversely proportional to the η self and PE index. The PE index, η cov , and η self ranged from 22.6 to 80 kWh/m 2 , 25.3 to 77.5%, and 23.9 to 100%, respectively, depending on the variant and configuration. The wide range of the obtained results confirms that the analyzed factors have a significant impact on the performance of building-integrated photovoltaic panels. In addition, the use of ASHP and PV instead of a gas boiler and grid electricity reduced both the EP index and CO 2 emissions by 59–67%.

Keywords: low-energy buildings; primary energy; heat pump; renewable energy; photovoltaic panels; energy efficiency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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