Reviews of Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials for Aircraft

Xuenan Wang, Qianghui Xu (), Qiang Zheng, Yi Shao and Jun Shen ()
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Xuenan Wang: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Qianghui Xu: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Qiang Zheng: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Yi Shao: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Jun Shen: School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-26

Abstract: As advancements in aerospace technology continue, reentry conditions pose increasingly rigorous requirements for thermal protection materials. Among these, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites have drawn substantial interest for their robust thermal insulation capabilities and enhanced ablation resistance, mechanical strength, and long-term reliability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites, examining factors such as resin density, nanopore size within the matrix, resin cross-linking density, fiber–resin interfacial bonding, fiber length, fiber crystallization degree, and fiber weave structures that collectively influence composite performance. The typical applications of these composites in ultrahigh-speed aircraft are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper offers recommendations for future advancements focusing on optimizing mechanical, ablative, and insulation properties to meet the multifunctional demands of thermal protection materials.

Keywords: fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites; thermal protection materials; ablation resistance; thermal insulation; mechanical properties (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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