Federated Learning for Anomaly Detection: A Systematic Review on Scalability, Adaptability, and Benchmarking Framework

Le-Hang Lim, Lee-Yeng Ong () and Meng-Chew Leow
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Le-Hang Lim: Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Lee-Yeng Ong: Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka 75450, Malaysia
Meng-Chew Leow: Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka 75450, Malaysia

Future Internet, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-34

Abstract: Anomaly detection plays an increasingly important role in maintaining the stability and reliability of modern distributed systems. Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging method that shows strong potential in enabling anomaly detection across decentralised environments. However, there are some crucial and tricky research challenges that remain unresolved, such as ensuring scalability, adaptability to dynamic server clusters, and the development of standardised evaluation frameworks for FL. This review aims to address the research gaps through a comprehensive analysis of existing studies. In this paper, a systematic review is conducted by covering three main aspects of the application of FL in anomaly detection: the impact of communication overhead towards scalability and real-time performance, the adaptability of FL frameworks to dynamic server clusters, and the key components required for a standardised benchmarking framework of FL-based anomaly detection. There are a total of 43 relevant articles, published between 2020 and 2025, which were selected from IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and ArXiv. The research findings highlight the potential of asynchronous updates and selective update mechanisms in improving FL’s real-time performance and scalability. This review primarily focuses on anomaly detection tasks in distributed system environments, such as network traffic analysis, IoT devices, and industrial monitoring, rather than domains like computer vision or financial fraud detection. While FL frameworks can handle dynamic client changes, the problem of data heterogeneity among the clients remains a significant obstacle that affects the model convergence speed. Moreover, the lack of a unified benchmarking framework to evaluate the performance of FL in anomaly detection poses a challenge to fair comparisons among the experimental results.

Keywords: federated learning; anomaly detection; scalability; real-time performance; dynamic server clusters; benchmarking framework (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O3 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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