Exposure to Toxic Compounds Using Alternative Smoking Products: Analysis of Empirical Data

Sandra Sakalauskaite (), Linas Zdanavicius, Jekaterina Šteinmiller and Natalja Istomina
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Sandra Sakalauskaite: Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Allergology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
Linas Zdanavicius: Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
Jekaterina Šteinmiller: Nursing Department, Tallinn Health Care College, 13418 Tallinn, Estonia
Natalja Istomina: Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 7, 1-12

Abstract: Tobacco control policies have aimed to reduce the global prevalence of smoking. Unfortunately, the recent survey data shows that about 24% of Europeans still smoke. Although combustible cigarettes remain the most used tobacco product, the tendency made evident in the prevalence of smoking-alternative nicotine-containing products increases. Studies that can objectively assess the long-term health effects of the latter products are lacking, so assessing toxic substances associated with smoking-alternative products and comparing them to substances from combustible cigarettes could inform future public health efforts. The manufacturers of these alternative products claim that the use of alternatives to combustible cigarettes reduces exposure to toxic compounds, but the reality is unclear. This study compares the concentrations of toxic substances in generated aerosols and performs calculations based on mainstream cigarette smoke and aerosols from smoking-alternative products. It summarizes the amounts of harmful and potentially harmful constituents per single puff. Alternative smoking products are undoubtedly harmful to non-smokers. Still, based on the analysis of the latest independent studies’ empirical data, the concentrations of inhaled HPHCs using heated tobacco products or e-cigarettes are reduced up to 91–98%, respectively; therefore, for those who cannot quit, these could provide a less harmful alternative. However, more well-designed studies of alternative product emissions are needed, including an analysis of the compounds that are not present in conventional tobacco products (e.g., thermal degradation products of propylene glycol, glycerol, or flavorings) to evaluate possible future health effects objectively.

Keywords: carcinogens; carbonyls; emissions; ENDS; harmful and potentially harmful constituents; heat not burn tobacco; harm reduction; PAHs; vaping; VOCs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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