Awake Bruxism Identification: A Specialized Assessment Tool for Children and Adolescents—A Pilot Study

Núbia Rafaela Ribeiro-Araújo, Anna Cecília Farias da Silva, Camila Rita Vicente Marceliano and Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião ()
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Núbia Rafaela Ribeiro-Araújo: Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
Anna Cecília Farias da Silva: Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
Camila Rita Vicente Marceliano: Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil
Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião: Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil

IJERPH, 2025, vol. 22, issue 7, 1-19

Abstract: Awake Bruxism (AB) is defined as masticatory muscle activity during wakefulness, characterized by repetitive or sustained tooth contact and/or the bracing or thrusting of the mandible. AB remains less understood than Sleep Bruxism (SB), and its identification remains a methodological challenge. The aim of this study was to introduce the Awake Bruxism Identification Tool (ABIT), developed for children and adolescents aged 8 to 12 years, to facilitate the identification of AB. The tool integrates data from self-reports, clinical examinations, and the Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). It comprises questionnaires using a five-point Likert scale, an analog EMA component involving color-based responses, and a clinical inspection. The tool adopts the concept of an “AB Spectrum”, as it generates individualized scores based on the combined outcomes of these multiple assessment components. The ABIT was piloted with ten families to evaluate its comprehensibility, applicability, and reliability. The results demonstrated that the participants found the questions understandable, that the tool had a minimal impact on daily family routines, and that it required approximately 5–10 min to complete. Additionally, the test–retest reliability indicated temporal stability. In terms of identification, four children were classified within the “AB identified by report and self-report,” while three were identified through the “report, self-report, and EMA.” Based on participant feedback, adjustments were made to the instrument, including the addition of an item addressing Sleep Bruxism. Although the ABIT is being applied for the first time in a research setting, it presents a promising, clinically relevant approach grounded in the self-perception of children and their caregivers.

Keywords: awake bruxism; bruxism identification; bruxism in children and adolescents; momentary ecological assessment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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