A Novel Approach to Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation Using Bi-LSTM-Based Networks

Pere Marti-Puig (), Kevin Mamaqi Kapllani and Bartomeu Ayala-Márquez
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Pere Marti-Puig: Data and Signal Processing Group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, c/ de la Laura 13, 08500 Vic, Spain
Kevin Mamaqi Kapllani: Data and Signal Processing Group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, c/ de la Laura 13, 08500 Vic, Spain
Bartomeu Ayala-Márquez: Data and Signal Processing Group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, c/ de la Laura 13, 08500 Vic, Spain

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 13, 1-24

Abstract: The morphology of blood vessels in retinal fundus images is a key biomarker for diagnosing conditions such as glaucoma, hypertension, and diabetic retinopathy. This study introduces a deep learning-based method for automatic blood vessel segmentation, trained from scratch on 44 clinician-annotated images. The proposed architecture integrates Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) layers with dropout to mitigate overfitting. A distinguishing feature of this approach is the column-wise processing, which improves feature extraction and segmentation accuracy. Additionally, a custom data augmentation technique tailored for retinal images is implemented to improve training performance. The results are presented in their raw form—without post-processing—to objectively assess the method’s effectiveness and limitations. Further refinements, including pre- and post-processing and the use of image rotations to combine multiple segmentation outputs, could significantly boost performance. Overall, this work offers a novel and effective approach to the still unresolved task of retinal vessel segmentation, contributing to more reliable automated analysis in ophthalmic diagnostics.

Keywords: retinal blood vessel segmentation; bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM); medical image analysis; deep learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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