Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Power Systems via a (1+PDD 2 )-(1+TI) Cascade Controller Optimized by Mirage Search Optimizer

Kareem M. AboRas (), Ali M. Elkassas, Ashraf Ibrahim Megahed and Hossam Kotb
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Kareem M. AboRas: Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
Ali M. Elkassas: Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
Ashraf Ibrahim Megahed: Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt
Hossam Kotb: Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 14, 1-41

Abstract: The combined application of Load Frequency Control (LFC) and Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR), known as Automatic Generation Control (AGC), manages active and reactive power to ensure system stability. This study presents a novel hybrid controller with a (1+PDD 2 )-(1+TI) structure, optimized using the Mirage Search Optimization (MSO) algorithm. Designed for dual-area power systems, the controller enhances both LFC and AVR by coordinating voltage and frequency loops. MSO was chosen after outperforming five algorithms (ChOA, DOA, PSO, GTO, and GBO), achieving the lowest fitness value (ITSE = 0.028). The controller was tested under various challenging conditions: sudden load disturbances, stochastic variations, nonlinearities like Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB), time-varying reference voltages, and ±20% to ±40% parameter deviations. Across all scenarios, the (1+PDD 2 )-(1+TI) controller consistently outperformed MSO-tuned TID, FOPID, FOPI-PIDD 2 , (1+PD)-PID, and conventional PID controllers. It demonstrated superior performance in regulating frequency, tie-line power, and voltage, achieving approximately a 50% improvement in dynamic response. MATLAB/SIMULINK results confirm its effectiveness in enhancing overall system stability.

Keywords: (1+PDD 2 ) controller; (1+TI) controller; Cascade controller; LFC; AVR; two-area interconnected power system; Mirage search optimizer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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