Swap Test-Based Quantum Protocol for Private Array Equality Comparison

Min Hou and Shibin Zhang ()
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Min Hou: School of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, China
Shibin Zhang: College of Artificial Intelligence (CUIT Shuangliu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 15, 1-15

Abstract: Private array equality comparison (PAEC) aims to evaluate whether two arrays are equal while maintaining the confidentiality of their elements. Current private comparison protocols predominantly focus on determining the relationships of secret integers, lacking exploration of array comparisons. To address this issue, we propose a swap test-based quantum protocol for PAEC, which satisfies both functionality and security requirements using the principles of quantum mechanics. This protocol introduces a semi-honest third party (TP) that acts as a medium for generating Bell states as quantum resources and distributes the first and second qubits of these Bell states to the respective participants. They encode their array elements into the received qubits by performing rotation operations. These encoded qubits are sent to TP to derive the comparison results. To verify the feasibility of the proposed protocol, we construct a quantum circuit and conduct simulations on the IBM quantum platform. Security analysis further indicates that our protocol is resistant to various quantum attacks from outsider eavesdroppers and attempts by curious participants.

Keywords: private array equality comparison (PAEC); swap test; Bell states; rotation encryption; security (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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