Evaluating the Reliability and Security of an Uplink NOMA Relay System Under Hardware Impairments

Duy-Hung Ha, The-Anh Ngo, Xuan-Truong Tran, Minh-Linh Dam, Viet-Thanh Le, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize and Chun-Ta Li ()
Additional contact information
Duy-Hung Ha: Wireless Communications Research Group, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
The-Anh Ngo: Campus in Ho Chi Minh City, University of Transport and Communications, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Xuan-Truong Tran: Campus in Ho Chi Minh City, University of Transport and Communications, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Minh-Linh Dam: Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Viet-Thanh Le: Faculty of Information Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Agbotiname Lucky Imoize: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos 100213, Nigeria
Chun-Ta Li: Program of Artificial Intelligence and Information Security, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 21, 1-30

Abstract: With the rapid growth of wireless devices, security has become a key research concern in beyond-5G (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) networks. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), one of the supporting technologies, is a strong contender to enable massive connectivity, increase spectrum efficiency, and guarantee high-quality access for a sizable user base. Furthermore, the scientific community has recently paid close attention to the effects of hardware impairments (HIs). The safe transmission of NOMA in a two-user uplink relay network is examined in this paper, taking into account both hardware limitations and the existence of listening devices. Each time frame in a mobile network environment comprises two phases in which users use a relay ( R ) to interact with the base station ( B S ). The research focuses on scenarios where a malicious device attempts to intercept the uplink signals transmitted by users through the R . Using important performance and security metrics, such as connection outage probability (COP), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and intercept probability (IP), system behavior is evaluated. To assess the system’s security and reliability under the proposed framework, closed-form analytical expressions are derived for SOP, IP, and COP. The simulation results provide the following insights: (i) they validate the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions; (ii) the study significantly deepens the understanding of secure NOMA uplink transmission under the influence of HIs across all the network entities, paving the way for future practical implementations; and (iii) the results highlight the superior performance of secure and reliable NOMA uplink systems compared to benchmark orthogonal multiple access (OMA) counterparts when both operate under the same HI conditions. Furthermore, an extended model without a relay is considered for comparison with the proposed relay-assisted scheme. Moreover, the numerical results indicate that the proposed communication model achieves over 90% reliability (with a COP below 0.1) and provides approximately a 30% improvement in SOP compared to conventional OMA-based systems under the same HI conditions.

Keywords: connection outage probability; eavesdropping; hardware impairments; intercept probability; non-orthogonal multiple access; relay network; secrecy outage probability; uplink (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/21/3491/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/21/3491/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:13:y:2025:i:21:p:3491-:d:1785158

Access Statistics for this article

Mathematics is currently edited by Ms. Emma He

More articles in Mathematics from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().