Comparison of Semi-Empirical Models in Estimating Global Horizontal Irradiance for South Korea and Indonesia

Pranda M. P. Garniwa, Rifdah Octavi Azzahra, Hyunjin Lee, Indra Ardhanayudha Aditya, Ratih Dewanti Dimyati, Inuwa Sani Sani, Ramlah Ramlah, Iwa Garniwa, Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo and Muhammad Dimyati ()
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Pranda M. P. Garniwa: Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Rifdah Octavi Azzahra: Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Hyunjin Lee: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
Indra Ardhanayudha Aditya: Generation Division, Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) Research Institute, Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Ratih Dewanti Dimyati: Research Center for Geoinformatics (PRGI), Research Organization for Electronics and Informatics (OREI), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Inuwa Sani Sani: Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Ramlah Ramlah: Department of Geography, Institute of Technology Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), Jakarta 11750, Indonesia
Iwa Garniwa: Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo: Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
Muhammad Dimyati: Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Resources, 2025, vol. 14, issue 11, 1-26

Abstract: Accurate estimation of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) is essential for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly in regions with distinct climatic characteristics. Geostationary satellites, such as GK2A and COMS, provide consistent and spatially extensive data, offering a practical alternative to ground-based measurements. However, the performance of semi-empirical GHI models has been sparsely evaluated across diverse geographic zones. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of four semi-empirical models—Beyer, Rigollier, Hammer, and Perez—applied to two contrasting locations: Seoul, South Korea (temperate) and Jakarta, Indonesia (tropical). Using satellite-derived cloud indices and ground-based pyranometer data, model performance was evaluated via RMSE, MBE, and their relative metrics. Results indicate that the Hammer model achieves the best performance in Seoul (RMSE: 103.92 W/m 2 ; MBE: 0.09 W/m 2 ), while the Perez model outperforms others in Jakarta with the lowest relative RMSE of 58.69%. The analysis outlines the limitations of transferring models calibrated in temperate climates to tropical settings without regional adaptation. This study provides critical insights for improving satellite-based GHI estimation and supports the development of region-specific forecasting tools essential for expanding solar infrastructure in Southeast Asia.

Keywords: global horizontal irradiance; photovoltaic; satellite images; semi-empirical models; cloud index; tropics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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