Comparing the Effectiveness of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models in Student Credit Scoring: A Case Study in Vietnam

Nguyen Thi Hong Thuy, Nguyen Thi Vinh Ha, Nguyen Nam Trung (), Vu Thi Thanh Binh, Nguyen Thu Hang and Vu The Binh
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Nguyen Thi Hong Thuy: Faculty of Accounting and Auditing, VNU University of Economics and Business, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Vinh Ha: Faculty of Development Economics, VNU University of Economics and Business, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Nguyen Nam Trung: Faculty of Accounting and Auditing, VNU University of Economics and Business, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Vu Thi Thanh Binh: Faculty of Accounting and Auditing, VNU University of Economics and Business, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Nguyen Thu Hang: Hanoi Institute for Socio-Economic Development Studies, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
Vu The Binh: Faculty of Accounting and Auditing, VNU University of Economics and Business, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

Risks, 2025, vol. 13, issue 5, 1-26

Abstract: In emerging markets like Vietnam, where student borrowers often lack traditional credit histories, accurately predicting loan eligibility remains a critical yet underexplored challenge. While machine learning and deep learning techniques have shown promise in credit scoring, their comparative performance in the context of student loans has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate and compare the predictive effectiveness of four supervised learning models—such as Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Support Vector Machine, and Deep Neural Network (implemented with PyTorch version 2.6.0)—in forecasting student credit eligibility. Primary data were collected from 1024 university students through structured surveys covering academic, financial, and personal variables. The models were trained and tested on the same dataset and evaluated using a comprehensive set of classification and regression metrics. The findings reveal that each model exhibits distinct strengths. Deep Learning achieved the highest classification accuracy (85.55%), while random forest demonstrated robust performance, particularly in providing balanced results across classification metrics. Gradient Boosting was effective in recall-oriented tasks, and support vector machine demonstrated strong precision for the positive class, although its recall was lower compared to other models. The study highlights the importance of aligning model selection with specific application goals, such as prioritizing accuracy, recall, or interpretability. It offers practical implications for financial institutions and universities in developing machine learning and deep learning tools for student loan eligibility prediction. Future research should consider longitudinal data, behavioral factors, and hybrid modeling approaches to further optimize predictive performance in educational finance.

Keywords: machine learning; deep learning; student credit scoring; model performance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C G0 G1 G2 G3 K2 M2 M4 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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