Slow and Fast Charging Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries of Electric Heavy-Duty Vehicles with Fleet Management Strategies

Mohammed Al-Saadi, Bartosz Patkowski, Maciej Zaremba, Agnieszka Karwat, Mateusz Pol, Łukasz Chełchowski, Joeri Van Mierlo and Maitane Berecibar
Additional contact information
Mohammed Al-Saadi: MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Bartosz Patkowski: Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland
Maciej Zaremba: Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia, 9 Krakowska Street, 43-600 Jaworzno, Poland
Agnieszka Karwat: Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland
Mateusz Pol: Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacji Miejskiej Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia, 9 Krakowska Street, 43-600 Jaworzno, Poland
Łukasz Chełchowski: Solaris Bus & Coach sp. z o.o., Obornicka 46, Bolechowo Osie-dle, 62-005 Owińska, Poland
Joeri Van Mierlo: MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Maitane Berecibar: MOBI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 19, 1-35

Abstract: This work presents a real-life demonstration of 23 heavy-duty (HD) public electric buses (e-buses) in Jaworzno, Poland, with three lengths: 8.9 m, 12 m, and 18 m. The e-bus demo is based on the development of baseline e-buses to optimize the operational cost based on technical optimization. The demo aims to switch public transportation from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric ones to minimize CO 2 emissions. The e-buses are equipped with standard charging solutions, which are plug-in charging with Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo 2) and pantograph-up (Type B). The CCS2 solution is used for overnight slow/normal charging (NC) in the depot of the e-bus operator, whereas the pantograph charging solutions are installed along the e-buses routes and used for fast charging (FC) when the e-buses are stopped for a short time. In Jaworzno, there are 20 chargers with CCS2 in the depot of the e-bus operator and 12 pantograph-up (Type B solution) fast-charging stations. This work studies the technical operations and operational costs of the e-bus fleet, and the impact of the NC and FC solutions on the Li-ion battery packs and on the grid. The uncoordinated/standard and coordinated charging (smart charging) based on load shifting were investigated to study the impact of e-bus fleet integration on the distribution grid. The exploited data in this study were collected from the data logger devices, which are installed on the e-buses and record over 46 signals. Data from over one year were collected, and some sample data were processed and analyzed to study the technical and economic operations of the e-bus fleet.

Keywords: electric vehicles; e-bus fleet; fast charging; slow charging; smart charging; Li-ion batteries; battery management system; operational loads; operational cost; total cost of ownership (TCO); power grid; DSO (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (4)

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