COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment

Peter Olutope Fayemi, Omolola Esther Fayemi, Luke Oluwaseye Joel and Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi
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Peter Olutope Fayemi: βeta-Letters AgriNextiomics, Mahikeng 2735, South Africa
Omolola Esther Fayemi: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
Luke Oluwaseye Joel: Institute for Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
Michael Gbenga Ogungbuyi: Spacelab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Engineering & the Built Environment Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 22, 1-27

Abstract: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by exposure dynamics of infected aerosols, fomites and intermediate reservoirs. The spike in the first, second and third waves of coronavirus confirms that herd immunity is not yet reached and everyone including livestock is still vulnerable to the infection. Of serious concern are the communitarian nature of agrarians in the livestock sector, aerogenous spread of the virus and attendant cytocidal effect in permissive cells following activation of pathogen recognition receptors, replication cycles, virulent mutations, seasonal spike in infection rates, flurry of reinfections and excess mortalities that can affect animal welfare and food security. As the capacity to either resist or be susceptible to infection is influenced by numerous factors, identifying coronavirus-associated variants and correlating exposure dynamics with viral aerosols, spirometry indices, comorbidities, susceptible blood types, cellular miRNA binding sites and multisystem inflammatory syndrome remains a challenge where the lethal zoonotic infections are prevalent in the livestock industry, being the hub of dairy, fur, meat and egg production. This review provides insights into the complexity of the disease burden and recommends precision smart-farming models for upscaling biosecurity measures and adoption of digitalised technologies (robotic drones) powered by multiparametric sensors and radio modem systems for real-time tracking of infectious strains in the agro-environment and managing the transition into the new-normal realities in the livestock industry.

Keywords: bioreceptors; endocytosis; exposomics; immunogenetics; precision-farming model; pyrogenicity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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