Examining the Relationship between Tourism and Gender Equality: Evidence from Asia

Yan Zhang, Shenglan Xu () and Jiekuan Zhang
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Yan Zhang: School of Tourism Management, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin 541006, China
Shenglan Xu: College of Tourism and Urban-Rural Planning, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610000, China
Jiekuan Zhang: Asean Tourism Research Centre of China Tourism Academy, Guilin Tourism University, Guilin 541006, China

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 19, 1-18

Abstract: This study analyzes the relationship between tourism and gender equality using panel vector autoregression and vector error correction models estimated by the generalized method of moment. This methodology is based on panel data from 36 Asian countries between 2006 and 2019. The other three variables including the economy, employment, and education are also analyzed. The results show that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between tourism and gender equality. In the short run, tourism is not the Granger cause for gender equality; however, tourism significantly contributes to gender equality in all regions in the long run. Furthermore, a heterogeneous causality between tourism and gender equality is found across the regions. Tourism’s positive effect on gender equality does not depend entirely on economic empowerment. All the economy, education and employment mostly contribute to realizing gender equality, but this contribution is not decisive. The findings and policy implications are finally discussed.

Keywords: tourism; gender equality; Asian countries; panel vector autoregression (PVAR); system generalized method of moment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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