Removal of Malachite Green Using Hydrochar from PALM Leaves

Hassan H. Hammud (), Mohamad H. Hammoud, Aqeel A. Hussein, Youssef B. Fawaz, Malai Haniti Sheikh Abdul Hamid and Nadeem S. Sheikh ()
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Hassan H. Hammud: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Mohamad H. Hammoud: Department of Chemical Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Aqeel A. Hussein: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
Youssef B. Fawaz: Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh 11-5020, Lebanon
Malai Haniti Sheikh Abdul Hamid: Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
Nadeem S. Sheikh: Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 11, 1-22

Abstract: Biochar was prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of palm leaves, characterized, and utilized as an adsorbent for Malachite Green dye (MG). The Higher Heating Value (HHV) of biochar depends on the carbonization temperature and has a maximum value of 24.81 MJ/kg. Activation using H 2 O 2 oxidation of HTC biochar prepared at 208 °C produced AHTC with improved capacity. The optimum pH was found to be in the range 7–8. Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich adsorption isotherms were used to study MG adsorption data. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit for experimental data. Experiments conducted using activated biochar AHTC at 25 °C resulted in an adsorption capacity of 62.80 mg/g, far greater than what was observed for HTC biochar (45.59 mg/g). The maximum adsorption capacity was 88% when the concentration of MG solution was 66 ppm. The free energy change in adsorption DG° indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Fixed-column adsorptions models, namely, Thomas, Yan et al. and Yoon–Nelson models, were investigated for AHTC. The column adsorption capacity determined by the Thomas model was 33.57 mg/g. In addition, a computational investigation has been carried out to determine the structural and electronic features, as well as the quantum chemical parameters of HTC and MG. Moreover, the interaction between the HTC and MG is investigated, which is further elaborated by performing non-covalent interaction (NCI) through the reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis. Thus, the easily prepared hydrochar from abundant waste palm leaves can be used as a high-value biocoal and efficient adsorbent of the cationic dye malachite green.

Keywords: biochar; hydrothermal; higher heating value; adsorption; activation; kinetics; isotherms; DFT studies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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