Precursors of Cyclic Loading and Unloading Sandstone Failure Based on “Acoustic-Thermal” Loading–Unloading Response Ratio

Hao Xu, Liqiang Ma, Kewang Cao (), Naseer Muhammad Khan (), Sajjad Hussain, Dongdong Niu, Saad S. Alarifi and Sher Bacha
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Hao Xu: School of Art, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China
Liqiang Ma: School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Kewang Cao: School of Art, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China
Naseer Muhammad Khan: Department of Sustainable Advanced Geomechanical Engineering, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 23200, Pakistan
Sajjad Hussain: Department of Mining Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
Dongdong Niu: China Coal Xinji Energy Co., Ltd., Huainan 232180, China
Saad S. Alarifi: Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Sher Bacha: School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 13, 1-26

Abstract: Coal mining often causes periodic disruption in the rock mass around the stope. The study of the deformation and failure characteristics of cyclic loading and unloading sandstone is very critical for gaining a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of rock damage, degradation, and failure. This kind of investigation is very helpful in determining the precursors of rock failure and the instability of engineering structures. In this research study, the properties of acoustic emission and infrared radiation of cyclic loading and unloading sandstone are explored using a cyclic loading and unloading sandstone experiment. Based on acoustic emission and infrared radiation, the loading–unloading response ratio of rock is established. It is found that the response variables of sandstone during the loading stage based on acoustic emission (AE) counts and the loading–unloading response ratio based on average infrared radiation temperature (AIRT) both rise suddenly in the last cycle, which may be a precursor of “acoustic-thermal” approaching rock failure. On this basis, the quantitative analysis index of infrared radiation of differential infrared energy change rate (DIECR) is proposed, that is, the change of square of ΔAIRT in unit time, and based on AE counts and DIECR, the loading–unloading response ratio of “acoustic-thermal” is defined. It is found that the “acoustic-thermal” loading–unloading response ratio suddenly increases during the penultimate cycle of loading and unloading. This feature can be taken as the initial precursor of rock failure. Together with the “acoustic-thermal” imminent failure precursor of rock, it constitutes the “initial precursor-imminent failure precursor” combined with the internal fracture and surface infrared radiation temperature field during the cyclic loading and unloading process of rock, realizing the hierarchical monitoring and early warning of cyclic loading and unloading rock failure. The research results lay a theoretical and practical foundation for using infrared radiation to monitor engineering disasters caused by rock fracture and failure in mining engineering.

Keywords: acoustic-thermal; loading–unloading response ratio; differential infrared energy change rate (DIECR); precursor (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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