Broccoli Leaves ( Brassica oleracea var. italica ) as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Building Blocks: Optimal Extraction Using Dynamic Maceration and Life Cycle Assessment

Aranza Nallely Manríquez-Zúñiga, Argelia Rosillo de la Torre, Laura Valdés-Santiago, Diana A. Hernández-Bustos, Samantha Cuéllar-Sojo, Angélica Hernández-Rayas, Samuel Perez-Vega and Carlos Eduardo Molina-Guerrero ()
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Aranza Nallely Manríquez-Zúñiga: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
Argelia Rosillo de la Torre: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
Laura Valdés-Santiago: Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Irapuato, Carretera Irapuato Silao Km 12.5, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico
Diana A. Hernández-Bustos: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
Samantha Cuéllar-Sojo: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
Angélica Hernández-Rayas: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico
Samuel Perez-Vega: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Nuevo Campus Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito 1, Chihuahua 31125, Chihuahua, Mexico
Carlos Eduardo Molina-Guerrero: División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Departamento de Ingenierías Química, Electrónica y Biomédica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León 37150, Guanajuato, Mexico

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 24, 1-18

Abstract: Bioactive compounds (BACs) and chemical building blocks (CBBs) play a pivotal role in driving economic growth. These compounds, known for their diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, have become integral to meeting the increasing demand for sustainable and innovative products. In this research, we used and characterized dynamic maceration to extract BACs and CBBs from broccoli leaves (BLs). A central composite design (CCD) was selected to evaluate the effect of temperature (from 4 °C to 70 °C), ethanol concentration (from 30% to 70% ( v / v )), and exposition time (15 to 60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) (mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) per 100 g of dry biomass (db)). A confirmation experiment (CE) was performed to reproduce the optimal conditions (50 °C, 36.92 min, and 30% ( v / v )) for BAC extraction. Results indicated a GAE concentration of 112.95 ± 0.92 mg/100 g db, while the statistical model predicted a value of 111.87 mg of GAEs/100 g db (error of 0.95%) with a rate constant ( k ) value of 0.0154 mg/g·min (R 2 of 0.9894). BACs and CBBs were identified with gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry detecting l-isoleucine, l-leucine, malonic acid, and succinic acid, among others. Finally, a life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed to determine global warming (GW) and water consumption (WC), among others, for 10 g of BL extract. Findings reported herein prove the sustainability of eco-friendly extraction of BACs and CBBs for the effective use of agricultural by-products.

Keywords: agro-waste; bioactive compounds; circular bioeconomy; Fick’s law (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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