Passenger Occupancy Estimation in Vehicles: A Review of Current Methods and Research Challenges

Pavol Kuchár (), Rastislav Pirník, Aleš Janota, Branislav Malobický, Jozef Kubík and Dana Šišmišová
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Pavol Kuchár: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Rastislav Pirník: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Aleš Janota: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Branislav Malobický: Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Jozef Kubík: Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
Dana Šišmišová: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 2, 1-27

Abstract: Passenger detection and occupancy estimation are vital tasks in many fields. The existing literature emphasises that the increasing demand for such systems will continue to grow. This paper reviews the existing literature specializing in the field of transportation safety and efficiency concerning occupancy estimation in vehicles and passenger detection at public transport stations. A comparison between different approaches to passenger estimation is presented. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages is highlighted. Hence, this paper provides an analysis of 146 papers on the current state of the field. This review paper concludes that invasive methods provide high accuracy with relatively cheap implementation, while noninvasive systems do not violate passenger privacy but lack state-of-the-art accuracy. Future work will include a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis of systems considering the existing window tinting and solar windshields heavily blocking certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, future work will investigate the critical challenges of noninvasive passenger estimation in different types of vehicles: trucks, buses, or even motorcycles.

Keywords: occupancy estimation; passenger detection; transport safety; transportation sustainability; road transport; intelligent transport systems; detection methods; detection equipment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:2:p:1332-:d:1031419

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