Performance Evaluation of Compost of Windrow Turner Machine Using Agriculture Waste Materials

Sarfraz Hashim (), Rehan Bashir, Alamgir Akhtar Khan, Asif Ali Mirani, Muhammad Shoaib, Abdul Razzaq, Farrukh Ehsan and Faseeha Munir
Additional contact information
Sarfraz Hashim: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Rehan Bashir: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Alamgir Akhtar Khan: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Asif Ali Mirani: Agricultural Engineering Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Muhammad Shoaib: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Abdul Razzaq: Department of Computer Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Farrukh Ehsan: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
Faseeha Munir: Department of Computer Science, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 17, 1-15

Abstract: Composting is the decomposition of organic matter in an aerobic environment. The windrow turner machine is used to turn the compost piles for efficient composting. It effectively addresses important issues such as managing crop leftovers and disposing of animal waste. This paper evaluates a comparison between mechanized (pile 1) and conventional (pile 2) compost-turning processes and the need for windrow turner machines to manage waste effectively and turn it into nutrient-dense material. This approach not only delivers a practical solution, it also points out the potential for a significant increase in soil fertility and agricultural sustainability. Five samples were taken from each pile at 10 feet intervals for chemical analysis. A total 13,768 kg of the compost yield was collected from pile one and 11,512 kg from pile 2. The study’s findings show that the machine turned a greater cation exchange capacity (CEC) value than the compost manually turned. Pile 1 was turned using a compost windrow turner machine, and pile 2 was turned manually. The CEC values in pile 1 varied from 21.23 meq/100 g dry weight to 68.87 meq/100 g dry weight after eight weeks, while the CEC values in pile 2 increased from 21.23 meq/100 g dry weight to 33.28 meq/100 g dry weight. The value of electrical conductivity (EC) in pile 1 increased from 1.98 ds/m to 11.34 ds/m, whereas in pile 2 it climbed from 1.98 ds/m to 7.86 ds/m after 8 weeks. The C/N ratio of pile 1 dropped to approximately 15 and the concentration of micronutrients increased during the composting process, which indicate mature composted material. The outcomes of this research contribute that mechanical composting emerges as a highly suitable method for efficiently managing the composting process, ensuring uniform decomposition, enhanced aeration, and the production of high-quality compost.

Keywords: sustainable; windrow composting; mechanization; windrow turner (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7779/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7779/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7779-:d:1472995

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().