Optimising the Particulate Emission Characteristics of a Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine by Changing the Gasoline Direct Injection Strategy

Xiang Li (), Siyue Liu, Wanzhong Li (), Yiqiang Pei (), Xuewen Zhang, Peiyong Ni, Zhijun Peng and Chenxi Wang
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Xiang Li: School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Siyue Liu: BYD Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518038, China
Wanzhong Li: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Yiqiang Pei: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Xuewen Zhang: School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Peiyong Ni: School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Zhijun Peng: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
Chenxi Wang: Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 19, 1-16

Abstract: In the current global scenario, it is essential to find more effective and practical solutions to mitigate the problem of particulate emissions from vehicles. In this research, particulate emission characteristics with changing GDI pressure or applying a split GDI strategy with different second injection timings were initially explored in a Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) engine, which employs Ethanol Port Injection (EPI) plus Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI). The experimental results show that by increasing GDI pressure ( P G D I ) from 5.5 MPa to 18 MPa, ignition delay ( θ F ) shows a small decrease of 0.68 degrees. The parameters, such as maximum in-cylinder temperature ( T M I ) and exhaust gas temperature ( T E G ), each increase by 53.75 K and 13.84 K. An apparent reduction of 59.5% and 36.26% was achieved for the concentrations of particulate number ( N P ) and particulate mass ( M P ), respectively. Particulate emissions are effectively reduced by a split GDI strategy with an appropriate range of second injection timing ( t G D I 2 ). Under t G D I 2 = −260 °CA, N P and M P concentrations exhibit a relatively lower level. However, by delaying t G D I 2 from −260 °CA to −140 °CA, there is an increase of more than 60% in N P concentration. The research findings help offer new and valuable insights into optimising particulate number and mass emissions from DFSI engines. Moreover, the findings could contribute novel and valuable insights into the optimisation of particulate emission characteristics in DFSI engines.

Keywords: dual-fuel spark ignition (DFSI) engine; particulate emissions; ethanol port injection (EPI); gasoline direct injection (GDI); injection pressure; split GDI strategy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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