An Attempt to Assess the Implementation of the Circular Economy in the EU-27 as an Important Element of Sustainable Development

Anna Marciniuk-Kluska and Mariusz Kluska ()
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Anna Marciniuk-Kluska: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Siedlce, 39 Zytnia Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Mariusz Kluska: Faculty of Sciences, University of Siedlce, 54 3-Maja Str., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-23

Abstract: The development and implementation of appropriate measurement tools is a prerequisite for the effective introduction of the concept of a circular economy at every level of management. Fundamental to this system is the establishment and adoption of indicators, which are a monitoring tool to diagnose, model, and forecast the circular economy. The full identification of indicators and the degree of their implementation provide the necessary knowledge for a comprehensive assessment of the state of change and the prospects for closed-loop circuits in EU countries. The main objective of the research conducted was an attempt to assess the implementation of the circular economy in the EU-27 countries. The research used indicators of the circular economy, analyzed the relative taxonomic measure of development, and established a ranking of EU countries. In this research, three questions formulated were as follows: do average circular economy indicators in EU countries show an increasing trend over the last decade? Is the circular economy development gap decreasing in EU countries? In which countries are the biggest barriers to circular economy implementation? Based on the research questions posed in this way, two hypotheses were adopted: in the last decade, there has been a slow transition from a linear to a circular economy in EU countries; there is a wide variation in circular economy indicators among EU countries. Achieving the main objective required recognizing the issue of natural resource management, characterizing the changes in individual conditions affecting the possibility of realizing the assumptions of the closed-loop economy, and assessing changes in the possibility of implementing the circular economy in individual EU countries over a period of 10 years. The analysis of the dynamics of change over the past 10 years in the 27 EU countries indicates a slow process of transition from a linear to a circular economy. The study shows that only 8 EU countries have seen an increase in the development measure.

Keywords: closed-loop economy; sustainable development; resource productivity; material footprint; recycling; greenhouse gas emissions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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