Going Deeper: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional DEEP Connection to Nature Scale

Debra Lindsay and Karen Dobkins ()
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Debra Lindsay: Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
Karen Dobkins: Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 13, 1-23

Abstract: This study develops and provides psychometric validity of a new multidimensional measure of connection to nature (CTN)—the DEEP Connection to Nature Scale. Addressing limitations of existing scales, the new scale attempts to emphasize self-integration with nature while capturing the three commonly accepted aspects of connection to nature— Cognitive , Emotional , and Behavioral . Using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses across a sample of 1152 and 657 adults, respectively, a four-factor structure was validated: Depth of identity , Emotional connection , Experiential connection , and Presence within nature . The scale demonstrated good internal consistency, convergent validity with existing CTN measures, and predictive validity for pro-environmental behavior (PEB). Notably, the DEEP CTN Scale explained more variance in PEB (30%) compared to two widely used unidimensional measures. Specifically, people who are high Emotional connection and high Presence within nature report more PEB. These relationships remain robust when controlling for relevant covariates. As a point of comparison, predictive validity was conducted with a composite score of psychological well-being. People who are high in Presence within nature and low in Emotional connection report higher well-being. In sum, the DEEP CTN scale is a psychometrically sound, theory-driven measure that addresses key limitations of previous scales. As such, we hope it offers researchers and practitioners a tool to better understand and cultivate meaningful connections with nature.

Keywords: connection to nature; pro-environmental behavior; well-being; environmental identity; nature relatedness; human–nature relations; multidimensional scale; psychological measurement (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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