Cyber-Physical Systems for Smart Farming: A Systematic Review

Alexis Montalvo (), Oscar Camacho and Danilo Chavez
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Alexis Montalvo: Departamento de Automatización y Control Industrial, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador
Oscar Camacho: Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Campus Cumbayá, Quito 170157, Ecuador
Danilo Chavez: Departamento de Automatización y Control Industrial, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 14, 1-25

Abstract: In recent decades, climate change, increasing demand, and resource scarcity have transformed the agricultural sector into a critical field of research. Farmers have been compelled to adopt innovations and new technologies to enhance production efficiency and crop resilience. This study presents a systematic literature review, supplemented by a bibliometric analysis of relevant documents, focusing on the key applications and combined techniques of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and digital twins (DT) in the development and implementation of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in smart agriculture and establishes whether CPS in agriculture is an attractive research topic. A total of 108 bibliographic records from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases were analyzed to construct the bibliometric study database. The findings reveal that CPS has evolved and emerged as a promising research area, largely due to its versatility and integration potential. The analysis offers researchers and practitioners a comprehensive overview of the existing literature and research trends on the dynamic relationship between CPS and its primary applications in the agricultural industry while encouraging further exploration in this field. Additionally, the main challenges associated with implementing CPS in the context of smart agriculture are discussed, contributing to a deeper understanding of this topic.

Keywords: cyber-physical systems; Industry 4.0; smart farming; smart greenhouse; systematic literature review (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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