Using Machine Learning to Model the Acceptance of Domestic Low-Carbon Technologies

Paul van Schaik (), Heather Clements, Yordanka Karayaneva, Elena Imani, Michael Knowles, Natasha Vall and Matthew Cotton
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Paul van Schaik: Department of Psychology, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Heather Clements: Department of Psychology, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Yordanka Karayaneva: Department of Computing and Games, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Elena Imani: Engineering Department, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Michael Knowles: School of Computing and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Natasha Vall: Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
Matthew Cotton: Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 15, 1-34

Abstract: This research addresses two specific knowledge gaps. The first regards the influence of domestic low-carbon technology (LCT) installation approaches and occupier status on user acceptance. The second is to demonstrate the role of machine learning techniques in producing an enhanced model-based understanding of domestic LCT acceptance. Together, these two approaches provide new insights into LCT acceptance through the theory of planned behaviour and demonstrate the value of machine learning for modelling such acceptance. Our aim is therefore to contribute to model-based knowledge about the acceptance of domestic LCTs. Specifically, we contribute new knowledge of the acceptance of LCTs according to the theory of planned behaviour and of the value of machine-learning techniques for modelling this acceptance. Through empirical research using an online quasi-experiment with 3813 English residents, we developed a model of low-carbon technology adoption and evaluated machine learning for model analysis. The design factors were the installation approach and occupier status, with main outcomes including adoption intention, willingness to accept, willingness to pay, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. To examine residents’ technology acceptance, we created two virtual reality models of technology implementation, differing in installation approach. For machine learning analysis, we employed nine techniques for model validation and predictor selection: linear regression, LASSO regression, ridge regression, support vector regression, regression tree (decision tree regression), random forest, XGBoost, k-NN, and neural network. LASSO regression emerged as the best technique in terms of predictor selection, with (near-)optimal model fit (R 2 and MSE). We found that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control significantly predicted the intention to adopt low-carbon technologies. The installation approach influenced willingness to accept, with higher intention for new-build installations than retrofits. Homeownership positively predicted perceived behavioural control, while age negatively predicted several outcomes. This study concludes with implications for policy and future research, a specific emphasis upon contemporary UK policy towards Future Homes Standards, and public information campaigns targeted to specific demographic user groups. This research demonstrates the value of an extended theory of planned behaviour model to study the acceptance of LCTs and the value of machine learning analysis in acceptance modelling.

Keywords: pro-environmental behaviour; domestic low-carbon technology; theory of planned behaviour; machine learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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