Design Criteria for Wastewater Treatment and Disposal by Evapotranspiration Systems

Adivânia Cardoso da Silva, Adriana Duneya Díaz-Carrillo, António Freire Diogo and Paulo Sérgio Scalize ()
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Adivânia Cardoso da Silva: Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil
Adriana Duneya Díaz-Carrillo: Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil
António Freire Diogo: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
Paulo Sérgio Scalize: Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74000-000, Brazil

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 17, 1-17

Abstract: The unsuitable performance of or deficit in basic sanitation infrastructure, especially in sparsely populated rural communities, remains critical, particularly in many developing regions, and demands sustainable, cost-effective, and easily operated solutions. Thus, the objective of this Review is to analyze design parameters for evapotranspiration tanks (EvapTs), adopted as nature-based solutions for zero-discharge domestic sewage treatment. The literature search was conducted using the Scopus and Web of Science databases, complemented by backward citation tracking. From 4434 records, 29 studies were selected based on specific criteria, such as the availability of design data and their application in urban or rural contexts. The main findings indicated required areas per inhabitant ranging from 0.5 to 7.7 m 2 , primarily influenced by climate conditions and the type of plant used. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between the area of the evaporation tanks and the mean annual temperature, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r of −0.74). For mean annual temperatures between 19 and 27 degrees Celsius, linear regression showed a variation between 4.7 and 0.6 m 2 /inhabitant with a reduction coefficient of −0.51 per degree Celsius, suggesting that warmer climates require smaller system areas per capita. Most studies were conducted at full scale, with Brazil accounting for the highest number of publications. EvapT is identified as a promising ecological technology that is particularly suitable for rural settings. However, it still requires technical standardization, cost–benefit analysis, and research on social acceptance. The adoption of clear design criteria may enhance system replicability, support public policy development, and contribute to SDG 6—Clean Water and Sanitation for All.

Keywords: basic sanitation; ecotechnologies; evapotranspiration tank (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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