Comprehensive Insights into Carbon Capture and Storage: Geomechanical and Geochemical Aspects, Modeling, Risk Assessment, Monitoring, and Cost Analysis in Geological Storage

Abdul Rehman Baig (), Jemal Fentaw, Elvin Hajiyev (), Marshall Watson, Hossein Emadi, Bassel Eissa and Abdulrahman Shahin
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Abdul Rehman Baig: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Jemal Fentaw: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Elvin Hajiyev: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Marshall Watson: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Hossein Emadi: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Bassel Eissa: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Abdulrahman Shahin: Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, 807 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 19, 1-55

Abstract: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a vital climate mitigation strategy aimed at reducing CO 2 emissions from industrial and energy sectors. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of CCS technologies, focusing on capture methods, transport systems, geological storage, geomechanical and geochemical aspects, modeling, risk assessment, monitoring, and economic feasibility. Among capture technologies, pre-combustion capture is identified as the most efficient (90–95%) due to its high purity and integration potential. Notably, most operational CCS projects in 2025 utilize pre-combustion capture, particularly in hydrogen production and natural gas processing. For geological storage, saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs are highlighted as the most promising due to their vast capacity and proven containment. In the transport phase, pipeline systems are considered the most effective and scalable method, offering high efficiency and cost-effectiveness for large-scale CO 2 movement, especially in the supercritical phase. The study also emphasizes the importance of hybrid integrated risk assessment models, such as NRAP-Open-IAM, which combine deterministic simulations with probabilistic frameworks for robust site evaluation. In terms of monitoring, Seismic monitoring methods are regarded as the most reliable subsurface technique for tracking CO 2 plume migration and ensuring storage integrity. Economically, depleted reservoirs offer the most feasible option when integrated with existing infrastructure and supported by incentives like 45Q tax credits. The review concludes that successful CCS deployment requires interdisciplinary innovation, standardized risk protocols, and strong policy support. This work serves as a strategic reference for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals aiming to scale CCS technologies for global decarbonization.

Keywords: carbon capture and storage (CCS); CO 2 sequestration; risk assessment; monitoring techniques; geological storage; depleted oil and gas reservoir; well integrity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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