Packaged Bread and Its Carbon Footprint: Balancing Convenience and Waste

Mauro Moresi (), Luana Nionelli and Alessio Cimini
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Mauro Moresi: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
Luana Nionelli: Valle Fiorita Srl, 72017 Ostuni, Italy
Alessio Cimini: Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 22, 1-30

Abstract: The growing market for pre-sliced and packaged bread, driven by convenience and extended shelf life, raises environmental concerns due to its reliance on single-use polyethylene (PE) bags. To evaluate this trade-off, a cradle-to-distribution-center Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of white sliced bread in 4-slice modified atmosphere PE bags was conducted, following ISO 14040/14044 guidelines and using 2021–2022 factory data from Southern Italy. The initial carbon footprint (CF) of the packaged bread was estimated at 2.77 kg CO 2e /kg when using 100% Grid Electricity. The transformation phase was the largest contributor (41.5%), with electricity accounting for over 90% of this impact, followed by packaging (22.3%) and ingredients (19.4%). Allocation of by-products reduced the CF to around 2.68 kg CO 2e /kg, while the adoption of on-site renewable electricity significantly lowered impacts by up to 30% (to 1.95 kg CO 2e /kg). A key finding is the environmental trade-off between the product and its packaging: a wasted bread slice embodies approximately 70 g CO 2 , whereas the production of the corresponding portion of the PE bag emits only about 5 g CO 2 . This finding, which is confirmed to be statistically significant, demonstrates that the packaging’s footprint is substantially smaller than the potential impact of even a single wasted slice, proving its crucial role in preventing a larger environmental burden from food waste.

Keywords: carbon footprint (CF); food-packaging trade-off; life cycle assessment (LCA); mitigation strategies; sensitivity analysis; sliced packaged bread (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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