The Role of E-Waste in Sustainable Mineral Resource Management

Dina Mohamed (), Adham Fayad, Abdel-Mohsen O. Mohamed and Moza T. Al Nahyan
Additional contact information
Dina Mohamed: Edinburgh Business School, Heriot-Watt University Dubai, Dubai P.O. Box 501745, United Arab Emirates
Adham Fayad: Business Management, De Montfort University, Dubai Campus, Dubai P.O. Box 294345, United Arab Emirates
Abdel-Mohsen O. Mohamed: Uberbinder Limited, Littlemore, Oxford OX4 4GP, UK
Moza T. Al Nahyan: College of Business, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates

Waste, 2025, vol. 3, issue 3, 1-42

Abstract: This paper analyses the role of electronic waste (E-waste) as a secondary source of critical and precious minerals, addressing the challenges and opportunities in transitioning towards a circular economy (CE) for electronics. The surging global demand for these essential materials, driven by technological advancements and renewable energy infrastructure, necessitates alternative supply strategies due to the depletion of natural reserves and the environmental degradation associated with primary mining. E-waste contains a rich concentration of valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum, making its recovery a promising solution aligned with CE principles, which can mitigate environmental impacts and ensure long-term material availability. This paper examines the environmental, economic, and technological aspects of E-waste recovery, focusing on core processes such as physical and mechanical separation, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, bio-metallurgical, and electrochemical techniques. It explores innovative strategies to improve material recovery efficiency and sustainability, with consideration of evolving regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and stakeholder engagement. The analysis highlights that e-waste, particularly printed circuit boards, can contain 40–800 times more gold than mined ore, with 1000–3000 g of gold per tonne compared to 5–10 g per tonne in traditional ores. Recovery costs using advanced E-waste recycling technologies range between $10,000–$20,000 USD per kilogram of gold, significantly lower than the $30,000–$50,000 USD per kilogram in primary mining. Globally, over 50 million tonnes of E-waste are generated annually, yet less than 20% is formally recycled. Efficient recycling methods can recover up to 95% of base and precious metals under optimized conditions. The paper argues that E-waste recycling presents a viable pathway to conserve critical raw materials, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance circular economic resilience. However, it also emphasizes persistent challenges—including high initial investment, technological limitations in developing regions, and regulatory fragmentation—that must be addressed for scalable adoption.

Keywords: E-waste; critical minerals; precious metals; circular economy; recycling; material recovery; technological advancements; regulatory frameworks (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q16 Q18 Q2 Q20 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q28 Q3 Q31 Q38 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jwaste:v:3:y:2025:i:3:p:27-:d:1727615

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